Computer Generations Essay

The IC (Integrated Circuits) engineering was apply in third-generation computers. In a small IC piece (5 mm squ ar surface) a circuit is designed having large number of electronic components like transistors, capacitors, diodes, resistors etc. Initially, an IC contained only about ten to twenty components. Thus the IC technology was named as depleted Scale Integration (SSI). The third-generation was based on IC technology and the computers were designed using this technology. IBM 370, PDP 11 are among examples. AdvantagesThe main advantages of third-generation as compared to previous generations of computers were Smaller in size Production woo was low many another(prenominal) input/output devices were introduced much(prenominal) as mouse and keyboard etc. truly fast in computational power More reliable Low power consumption Maintenance cost was low because hardship rate of hardware was very low. Easily portable Easy to operate Upgraded easily Totally prevalent purpose. Wid ely used for various commercial applications all over the world Lower heat generated magnetic disk used for external storageMore storage capacity High-level languages were commonly used Disadvantages The main disadvantages of third-generation computers were Air-conditioning necessary. Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturer chips. 4. Fourth Generation Computers (1971 to Present) Microprocessors The microchip technology was introduced in this generation of computers. With the advancement in IC technology, LSI ( plumping Scale Integration) chips were developed. It was possible to integrate over 30,000 or more than components on to single LSI chip.After LSI, the VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) was developed and the development of microprocessor possible. It is expected that more than one million components will be integrated on a single chip of VLSI. utilise VLSI technology, the entire central processing unit is designed on a single silicon chip. The use o f microprocessor as CPU introduced another class of computers called the microcomputers. Thus fourth-generation may be called Microcomputer generation. The Intel 4004 chip was the basic microprocessor. In 1981, IBM introduced the first computer for home use. In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh. AdvantagesThe advantages of fourth-generation as compared to previous generation computers are Smallest in size because of juicy component density. Production cost is very low Very reliable Hardware ill is negligible and hence minimal maintenance is required. Easily portable because of their small size Totally world-wide purpose Air conditioning is not compulsory Very high processing speed Very large internal and external storage capacity Used advanced input & output devices such as optical readers, laser printers, CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drives etc. Heat generated is negligible Minimal labour and cost involved at assembly stageDisadvantages The main disadvantages of fourth-generation computer s are Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturer of microprocessor chips 5. Fifth Generation Computers (In process) Artificial Intelligence The main drawback of first to fourth generation computers is that the computers relieve oneself not their own cerebration power. These are totally depending upon the instructions given by the users. Computer devices with kitschy intelligence are still in development, but some of these technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition.AIl is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors. Leaning to the future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum computation, molecular and anon technology. Fifth generation computers are supposed to be the ideal computers, but do not exist. The scientists are working to design such computers that will have the following features Having their own thinking power Making decisions themselves Having capabilities of learning Ha ving capabilities of reasoning Having large capacity of internal storageHaving extra high processing speed Having capabilities of parallel processing In these computers following technologies will be used ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits) technology Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology also called the knowledge Processor. The AI nitty-gritty automatic programs that let the machines to think and decide themselves. The programming languages LISP (List Processor) and PROLOG (Programming with Logic) are used for ersatz intelligence. The scientists at ICOT in Japan use the PROLOG to develop the Artificial Intelligence software.