An investigation of the factors affecting the output of a transformer Essay Example

An investigation of the factors affecting the output of a transformer Essay Transformers are used in everyday life. They work on the principle of Electromagnetic field induction. Current (electrons) has an electromagnetic field. This field can manipulate the field of magnets. Also the field of magnets can manipulate the field of electrons in a similar way to how magnets interact. Transformers work by using the fields to transfer energy through the field lines: Wire induces a magnetic field in the iron core. Iron core. The field lines Are cut causing We will write a custom essay sample on An investigation of the factors affecting the output of a transformer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on An investigation of the factors affecting the output of a transformer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on An investigation of the factors affecting the output of a transformer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Wire an induced current. Causing a voltage in the first wire, causes a current. Around the current is a magnetic field, this induced a field in the iron core, the field lines of the core are then cut by a conductor (the second wire) and so a voltage is induced, in the reverse of how a voltage was induced in the transformer. In this way energy is transferred from electrical energy, to magnetic energy, back to electrical energy. The field lines must be continually moving in order to induce a current in the second coil (because a voltage is only induced when the field lines are being cut). The only way to do this is make the field lines change directions continually, in order to do that the electrons in the primary coil must be changing direction continually, and so we have to use alternating current. In order to make this more efficient the wires are coiled around the core. The point being that the more contact the wire is the more energy is put into the core and the more comes out, making the process more efficient. In theory the amount of energy going into the transformer should equal the amount of energy going out, no matter what the coil numbers but because of the nature of the coils and magnetic field lines, 100% efficiency is near impossible. Variables affect the system in many ways: The number of coils- There three general scenarios: Both primary and secondary coils are the same in number. In this case the more coils the more efficient the experiment, the increased coils mean that there is a larger, stronger field induced. These stronger fields are then cut by the increased number of coils, inducing more current, therefore making the whole process more efficient. The number of coils in the primary coil is greater than the number in the secondary. In this case because the electrons in the secondary coil are in less contact with the field lines they therefore receive less energy. However because all the energy must go through to the second coil and so the number of electrons (the current) increases. ( Power = current x time) So the voltage and current are inversely proportional. (see graph below) This is called a step down transformer because the voltage decreases. The number of coils in the secondary is greater than the number of coils in the primary. In this because the electrons in the secondary coil are in more contact with the field lines they therefore receive more energy. However because energy is constant the number of electrons (the current) decreases. ( Power = current x time) So the voltage and current are inversely proportional. (see graph below) This is called a step up transformer because the voltage increases despite the fact that the current decreases. voltage (v) Current (a) A graph to show the relationship between voltage and current. The distance between the coils. The further magnetic fields are from their source the weaker they are. If the coils are close together and close to the core then the lines dont have to go as far, therefore they are stronger. Therefore if the coils are closer together then they effect the core better and the core effects them better, resulting in a more efficient transformer. If they are further apart then energy is lost resulting in a less efficient transformer. Voltage in primary coil The higher the voltage the more energy an electron has, if the electrons have a higher energy then they have stronger fields, so they then cause stronger fields in the core, which causes a higher voltage in the secondary coil. The graph should look like this: Voltage in Primary coil Voltage in secondary coil. A graph to show the theoretical relationship between voltage in the primary and secondary coils. Method Apparatus 1. A power supply that allows the output voltage to be varied. 2. An iron core 3. Wires. 4. A ruler 5. Voltmeters 6. Crocodile clips 7. Insulation tape. 8. Wires for the coils 9. Wire strippers and clippers. Diagram: Primary coil Secondary coil Iron core I will set up the circuit as shown. I will use a power supply and connect it to the coil around the core, using crocodile clips and stripping the insulation from the ends of the core. I will have a voltmeter in parallel to the coil. The coil will be around an iron core. The core is basically an iron rod. There will be the secondary core further up along the rod, which will be attached using crocodile clips to a voltmeter. Using this set-up I can then vary the distance between the coils by using the ruler. The power supply will draw power form the mains. It will be set to AC for the reasons explained beforehand. I will vary the voltage by turning off the power supply and changing it, then turning it back on. I will vary the number of coils by turning the whole thing off and then removing or adding coils to either coil. For voltage I will use a voltage between 0 and 8 volts so as not to have any problems with heat. I will use nominal voltage jumps of 1V but because of the inefficiency of the power box they most probably wont be 1V. I will have 45 coils in the primary coil and keep that number fixed. But I will change the number of coils in the secondary coil in fixed jumps from 15 to 75. To keep the test fair I will: 1. Keep all variables constant except the one that I am changing. 2. Make sure the distance between the coils is 1CM at all times, if it is not being changed. 3. Keep the number of turns on the primary core the same. 4. I will use the same core throughout the whole experiment. 5. Allow the rod to cool if hot. 6. I will do repetitions to make sure that the result I have gotten is not a freak result. I think that this is a good way of doing the experiment because it is fair, and versatile. It is simple so there is less chance of something going wrong, More than one variable is being changed so there is more chance of a pattern emerging. The variables are easy to change. Safety 1. I will make sure the experiment is properly wired and that the wires are not touching, so as not to cause the power box to fuse. 2. I will determine a safe level of voltage in the preliminary and not go higher than it. 3. I will allow the experiment to cool if it is hot, so nothing has a chance of catching fire. 4. I will make sure there is no current going into the core by checking that no connectors are touching the core. 5. I will make sure there is no water present near the experiment to prevent an electric shock. 6. I will not touch the rod if it is hot (I will use the wire coating condition to see if it is hot) 7. I will keep the experiment away from anything flammable so as not to start a fire. 8. I will turn off the experiment if the wire coating melts or sparks appear. 9. I will make sure to turn off the power supply before changing the voltage so the power supply does not fuse. 10. I will turn the experiment off before changing the no of coils or the wire configuration, to prevent electric shock. I have chosen to vary the no of coils and the voltage in the primary coil. I plan to use a voltage range between 1 and 8 volts, which should give eight results, this ought to be enough to draw a conclusion. Also I want to vary the coil by having 45 turns in the first coil, but use varying turns in the secondary, starting at 15 turns and going up in jumps of 15 turns, to 75. This should give six results, which ought to be enough to determine a pattern. Based on the results of the preliminary, I think that the experiment will be very inefficient, but trends should show up in the results. Prediction I think that as voltage in the primary coil increases then the voltage in the secondary coil will increase and the increase will be directly proportionate: Voltage in Primary coil Voltage in secondary coil. A graph to show the theoretical relationship between voltage in the primary and secondary coils. This is because the higher the voltage the more energy an electron has, if the electrons have a higher energy then they have stronger fields. A higher voltage in the primary will cause stronger fields in the core, which causes a higher voltage in the secondary coil. And doubling the primary voltage should double the effect, therefore doubling the secondary voltage. I also think that there will be some loss in efficiency meaning that the transformer is about 80% efficient. 100% efficient results should look like this: Primary voltage (v) Secondary Voltage (v) No. of primary turns No. of secondary turns 1.00 1.00 30 30 2.00 2.00 30 30 3.00 3.00 30 30 4.00 4.00 30 30 5.00 5.00 30 30 6.00 6.00 30 30 7.00 7.00 30 30 A table showing the predicted relationship between voltage in the primary and secondary coils. Using this we can see that: So higher voltage input causes higher voltage output. Also I think that the ratio will have an effect on the secondary voltage: If both primary and secondary coils are the same in number: In this case the more coils the more efficient the experiment, the increased coils mean that there is a larger, stronger field induced. These stronger fields are then cut by the increased number of coils, inducing more current, therefore making the whole process more efficient. If the number of coils in the primary coil is greater than the number in the secondary: In this case because the electrons in the secondary coil are in less contact with the field lines they therefore receive less energy. However because all the energy must go through to the second coil and so the number of electrons (the current) increases. ( Power = current x time) So the voltage and current are inversely proportional. (see graph below) This is called a step down transformer because the voltage decreases. If the number of coils in the secondary is greater than the number of coils in the primary: In this because the electrons in the secondary coil are in more contact with the field lines they therefore receive more energy. However because energy is constant the number of electrons (the current) decreases. ( Power = current x time) So the voltage and current are inversely proportional. (see graph below) This is called a step up transformer because the voltage increases despite the fact that the current decreases. voltage (v) Current (a) A graph to show the relationship between voltage and current. A table to show the predicted relationship seen when the number of coils on the secondary changes. Primary voltage (v) No of turns in primary coil No. of turns in secondary coil Secondary voltage (v) 10.00 45 15 3.33 10.00 45 30 6.67 10.00 45 45 10.00 10.00 45 60 13.32 10.00 45 75 16.65 10.00 45 90 20.00 This works in that if you double the amount of time an electron influences the magnetic field or the field influences the electron you double the energy resulting in directly proportionate relationship between the number of turns in the secondary coil and the secondary voltage: No of coils in secondary Secondary voltage (v) Based on this I predict that : and that: secondary voltage x no of primary turns = primary voltage x no of secondary turns Preliminary I decided to do the preliminary experiment and investigate the variables before I decided what to investigate, as some variables may not have been worth investigating in depth. I used the method and set up described above except there were thirty turns in both coils. Distance between the coils (cm) Voltage in primary coil (v) Voltage in secondary coil (v) 0 (the coils were intertwined) 3 0.286 1 3 0.248 2 3 0.192 3 3 0.087 As you can see the voltage is highest when the coils are intertwined together, so the transformer is most efficient then. Based on this I decided to intertwine the coils in order to get the best voltage possible, however, because of time restraints I was easiest to keep the coils 1 cm apart. Primary voltage (nominally) Secondary voltage (v) 1 0.042 2 0.091 3 0.149 4 0.209 5 0.251 6 0.315 7 0.354 8 0.371 9 0.392 10 Reset switch popped 11 Reset switch popped 12 Reset switch popped 13 Reset switch popped 14 Reset switch popped 15 Reset switch popped 16 Reset switch popped 17 Did not attempt 18 Did not attempt 19 Did not attempt 20 Did not attempt The fuse tripped because too much current was drawn. So I decided to use current between 0 and 8. Obtaining evidence I had planned to do three repetitions of each experiment but I ended up with the same result anyway, so I decided not to waste time on it. Instead I decided to find the average of the different voltages, and use the averages to see how the ratio of turns affects the secondary voltage. Experiment No.of Primary coils No. of Secondary coils Ratio of coils Primary voltage (v) Secondary voltage (v) Secondary perfect voltage (v) Efficiency 1 45 15 3 to 1 0.67 0.048 0.223 21.568 1 45 15 3 to 1 0.67 0.048 0.223 21.568 1 45 15 3 to 1 0.67 0.048 0.223 21.568 2 45 15 3 to 1 1.17 0.083 0.391 21.137 2 45 15 3 to 1 1.17 0.083 0.391 21.137 2 45 15 3 to 1 1.17 0.083 0.391 21.137 3 45 15 3 to 1 1.96 0.149 0.653 22.828 3 45 15 3 to 1 1.96 0.149 0.653 22.828 3 45 15 3 to 1 1.96 0.149 0.653 22.828 4 45 15 3 to 1 2.98 0.214 0.992 21.572 4 45 15 3 to 1 2.98 0.214 0.992 21.572 4 45 15 3 to 1 2.98 0.214 0.992 21.572 5 45 15 3 to 1 3.69 0.345 1.230 28.044 5 45 15 3 to 1 3.69 0.345 1.230 28.044 5 45 15 3 to 1 3.69 0.345 1.230 28.044 6 45 15 3 to 1 4.43 0.472 1.476 31.970 6 45 15 3 to 1 4.43 0.472 1.476 31.970 6 45 15 3 to 1 4.43 0.472 1.476 31.970 7 45 15 3 to 1 5.05 0.496 1.683 29.444 7 45 15 3 to 1 5.05 0.496 1.683 29.444 7 45 15 3 to 1 5.05 0.496 1.683 29.444 8 45 15 3 to 1 5.65 0.509 1.885 27.030 8 45 15 3 to 1 5.65 0.509 1.885 27.030 8 45 15 3 to 1 5.65 0.509 1.885 27.030 Average 45 15 3 to 1 3.20 0.289 1.067 25.449 1 45 30 3 to 2 0.67 0.066 0.447 14.857 1 45 30 3 to 2 0.67 0.066 0.447 14.857 1 45 30 3 to 2 0.67 0.066 0.447 14.587 2 45 30 3 to 2 1.17 0.125 0.782 16.046 2 45 30 3 to 2 1.17 0.125 0.782 16.046 2 45 30 3 to 2 1.17 0.125 0.078 16.046 3 45 30 3 to 2 1.96 0.241 1.305 18.452 3 45 30 3 to 2 1.96 0.241 1.305 18.452 3 45 30 3 to 2 1.96 0.241 1.305 18.452 4 45 30 3 to 2 2.98 0.346 1.984 17.438 4 45 30 3 to 2 2.98 0.346 1.984 17.438 4 45 30 3 to 2 2.98 0.346 1.984 17.438 5 45 30 3 to 2 3.69 0.411 2.460 16.705 5 45 30 3 to 2 3.69 0.411 2.460 16.705 5 45 30 3 to 2 3.69 0.411 2.460 16.705 6 45 30 3 to 2 4.43 0.463 2.952 15.669 6 45 30 3 to 2 4.43 0.463 2.952 15.699 6 45 30 3 to 2 4.43 0.463 2.952 15.699 7 45 30 3 to 2 5.05 0.486 3.366 14.432 7 45 30 3 to 2 5.05 0.468 3.366 14.432 7 45 30 3 to 2 5.05 0.468 3.366 14.432 8 45 30 3 to 2 5.65 0.499 3.770 13.248 8 45 30 3 to 2 5.65 0.499 3.770 13.248 8 45 30 3 to 2 5.65 0.499 3.770 13.248 Average 45 30 3 to 2 3.20 0.330 2.133 15.856 1 45 45 1 to 1 0.61 0.079 0.610 12.959 1 45 45 1 to 1 1 45 45 1 to 1 2 45 45 1 to 1 1.07 0.126 1.068 11.793 2 45 45 1 to 1 2 45 45 1 to 1 3 45 45 1 to 1 1.78 0.238 1.783 13.326 3 45 45 1 to 1 3 45 45 1 to 1 4 45 45 1 to 1 2.71 0.352 2.710 12.993 4 45 45 1 to 1 4 45 45 1 to 1 5 45 45 1 to 1 3.36 0.418 3.360 12.447 5 45 45 1 to 1 5 45 45 1 to 1 6 45 45 1 to 1 4.03 0.497 4.032 12.322 6 45 45 1 to 1 6 45 45 1 to 1 7 45 45 1 to 1 4.60 0.522 4.597 11.349 7 45 45 1 to 1 7 45 45 1 to 1 8 45 45 1 to 1 5.15 0.536 5.148 10.418 8 45 45 1 to 1 8 45 45 1 to 1 Average 45 45 1 to 1 2.91 0.346 2.913 12.201 1 45 60 3 to 4 0.75 0.096 1.000 9.565 1 45 60 3 to 4 1 45 60 3 to 4 2 45 60 3 to 4 1.31 0.174 1.750 9.948 2 45 60 3 to 4 2 45 60 3 to 4 3 45 60 3 to 4 2.19 0.343 2.923 11.738 3 45 60 3 to 4 3 45 60 3 to 4 4 45 60 3 to 4 3.33 0.428 4.442 9.625 4 45 60 3 to 4 4 45 60 3 to 4 5 45 60 3 to 4 4.13 0.508 5.508 9.221 5 45 60 3 to 4 5 45 60 3 to 4 6 45 60 3 to 4 4.96 0.572 6.610 8.649 6 45 60 3 to 4 6 45 60 3 to 4 7 45 60 3 to 4 5.65 0.730 7.535 9.687 7 45 60 3 to 4 7 45 60 3 to 4 8 45 60 3 to 4 6.33 0.751 8.440 8.893 8 45 60 3 to 4 8 45 60 3 to 4 Average 45 60 3 to 4 3.58 0.450 4.776 9.666 1 45 75 3 to 5 0.58 0.099 0.967 10.204 1 45 75 3 to 5 1 45 75 3 to 5 2 45 75 3 to 5 1.02 0.154 1.692 9.082 2 45 75 3 to 5 2 45 75 3 to 5 3 45 75 3 to 5 1.70 0.262 2.825 9.263 3 45 75 3 to 5 3 45 75 3 to 5 4 45 75 3 to 5 2.58 0.388 4.294 9.032 4 45 75 3 to 5 4 45 75 3 to 5 5 45 75 3 to 5 3.19 0.457 5.325 8.580 5 45 75 3 to 5 5 45 75 3 to 5 6 45 75 3 to 5 3.83 0.514 6.390 8.048 6 45 75 3 to 5 6 45 75 3 to 5 7 45 75 3 to 5 4.37 0.579 7.284 7.943 7 45 75 3 to 5 7 45 75 3 to 5 8 45 75 3 to 5 4.89 0.611 8.158 7.491 8 45 75 3 to 5 8 45 75 3 to 5 Average 45 75 3 to 5 2.77 0.383 4.617 8.705 Analysis All anomalous results were circled on the graphs. All graphs were checked for direct proportion and if they were it was written in the bottom right corner, and the point, which it became untrue, was also written down. For example in the experiment of 45 coils to 45 coils, this was untrue at 3.4 V. Also if a string of results in a pattern was seen then a curve or line of best fit was drawn for them. As the results show that primary voltage and secondary voltage are directly, positively proportionate. As one doubles so does the other. E.G in the graph of 45 coils to 45 coils at 1 primary volt the secondary voltage was 0.13V and at 2 primary volts the secondary voltage was 2.6V, showing that if you double the primary voltage you double the secondary voltage. This is because the higher the voltage the more current, more current causes a stronger field in the core, these then get cut by the secondary coil more, resulting in the electrons induced having more energy (voltage). So higher voltage input causes higher voltage output. This is what I predicted. However the secondary voltage would be about 80% efficient, however it was much lower than this. The average efficiency overall was about 15%, a fraction to what I predicted. This is because much more energy was lost than I expected. The experiment works well up to a point but then the efficiency decreases and this is because the current limiting switch popped before the full current, and thus full voltage could be achieved. This caused the graph to slope off. Also the coil ratio and efficiency are inversely proportionate. This is because the higher the ratio the more inefficient the result. This is the opposite to what to I predicted. I think this is caused by the inefficiency of the experiment as a whole. I think that at higher coil ratios the factors that caused a loss of energy were amplified. Meaning that there was more energy lost due to the number of turns etc. No. of Primary coils No. of Secondary coils Primary voltage (v) Secondary voltage (v) Secondary perfect voltage (v) Vs = Vp x (Ns/Np) Efficiency 45 15 3.199 0.289 1.066 25.448 45 30 3.199 0.329 2.133 15.855 45 45 2.913 0.345 2.913 12.200 45 60 3.582 0.450 4.776 9.665 45 75 2.770 0.382 4.616 8.705 As you can see the efficiency was tiny and the secondary voltage never even came close to the perfect voltage. The reasons energy was lost were: 1. Resistance in the wire and increasing current. As the voltage increased so did the current to correspond with it. An increased current has more resistance (V/I = R) and coupled with the thin wire, lots of energy was lost to resistance. Most of this energy became heat and the heat was lost to the air and the coil. 2. Eddy currents occurred in the core. A current was induced in the core (because it is made of a conductor) the current had nowhere to go so it swirled in the core, in an eddie. 3. Flux leakages occurred. This basically means that not all the field lines were cut. This is because the coils didnt completely cover the core, so field lines were wasted. Also the ends of the core lost a lot of lines. So the energy was lost. A circular or doughnut shaped core would remedy this. 4. Also a humming sound was heard this was because of the iron core. In a magnet all the magnetic domains are in one direction, so the particle field lines are all in the same direction, causing one big field line set. Because an alternating current was used, the magnetic domains had to realign every 50th of a second; this caused them to scrape against each other. The friction caused by this caused heat to build up and caused the core to hum at a frequency of 50Hz (the same frequency of the mains) 5. The coil ratio was not a big a factor as predicted. This was because the coils did not cover the entire magnet so the field lines lost a lot of energy anyway. Also the more the coils the further the current has to move, causing more resistance. So the longer the coil the more energy was lost. This is why the coil ratio and the efficiency were inversely proportional. Evaluation The experiment worked quite well despite the low efficiency. It showed the trend and gave sufficient evidence for conclusions. The results were much more accurate than I expected and (excluding the anomalous results at the end) they rarely came off the line of best fit. All the results that did were circled. The method was quite good in theory but in practice fell somewhat, because the efficiency was tiny. The basic method of varying input and checking output is the only way of doing the experiment so it is by default the best. It was fairly good, but with adjustment could be much better. If I were to do the experiment again, I would: 1. Use a laminated core to keep the heat from leaking into the core. 2. Use a core that is circular, so no energy is lost in the ends of the core by uncut field lines. 3. Use thicker wire, so there is less resistance giving more efficiency. 4. Use more voltages to get more accurate results. 5. Use the coils intertwined instead of 1 cm apart, so as not to have any exposed core. 6. Use a pure core, or an alloy of magnetic metals. 7. Use more wires 8. Use more voltages, in order to get a more accurate mapping of the curve. 9. Use a fixed amount of current to get more accurate results 10. Check the amount of energy in joules going in and the amount coming out, in order to get a better idea of efficiency. 11. Use more numbers of coils 12. Use a power box with a dial so exact inputs can be checked 13. Have better heat insulation on the wires so energy is not lost 14. Have better connections that dont give as much resistance. The results were reliable enough for conclusions to be drawn but are not very reliable, even though they correlated well and the trend they show is solid. Because the trend is only visible up to about 3.5V (input) before it starts to fall in efficiency very dramatically. This was because the secondary current never reached its full potential, the current limiter always popped because too much current was being drawn. This was because each voltage corresponds to current and if there is resistance then more current is drawn. Other experiments I would like to do are: 1. A repeat of this experiment changing the coil ratios and the input voltages, keeping the number of turns on the primary coil constant. I predict the same result. But I would like to use more voltages, from 0V to 10V. 2. Investigating other metals like nickel, steel and copper as cores to see how they affect the experiment, I predict that the larger the atom the stronger the fields. 3. The separation of the coils, I predict that the larger the separation the more energy is lost. I want to see how these effect the experiment varying the distance from intertwined, to 10 cm. 4. Larger of smaller core. I predict that the larger the core the more efficient the output because of a larger amount of iron atoms, therefore more magnetic fields therefore more field lines, therefore more field lines cut.

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The essay of life Essay Example The essay of life Essay The essay of life Essay I make sure that I always use a dictionary as a reference and that makes It easier to proceed to the next sentence. In addition to that, I write down the Important events and highlight the words and characters. I also proofread my paper to ensure it is error free. In order to write a good essay or paper, it is necessary to be in a peaceful environment to avoid distractions. Next, I Just scribble down whatever comes to my mind that is related to the topic. After a while, I would read what Eve written and hose the Ideas that would have good points and would be Interesting to write about. Then, I would make my first draft and after finishing It, Id read It all over again and do the editing until Im satisfied with what Eve written. One of my greatest strengths as a writer is that I am extremely careful concerning details and I always show great attention them. However, being carried away by my emotions is one of my weaknesses. In order to help me understand and remember what I read, I make sure that I always use a dictionary as a reference and that makes it easier to proceed to he next sentence. In addition to that, I write down the important events and highlight the words and characters. I also proofread my paper to ensure It Is error free. Choose the Ideas that would have good points and would be interesting to write choose the ideas that would have good points and would be interesting to write and do the tattled until Im satisfied with what Eve written. One of my greatest about. Then, I would make my first draft and after finishing it, Id read it all over again highlight the words and characters. I also proofread my paper to ensure it is error weaknesses.

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Biological Psychology Applications

Biological Psychology Applications SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE AND THE COMPLEMENTING NATURE OF SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES Frankie S. Frazier Jr Part A What careers other than psychology, would benefit from a foundational knowledge of biological psychology? There are a variety of professions that would benefit from the foundational knowledge of biological psychology, particularly, the guidance counseling field. A guidance counselor is an individual whose job description is to assist in guiding children toward making successful choices. Guidance counselors provide the support that is needed to help children who may be experiencing an unstable and/or somewhat confusing time in their lives. Children are offered additional support that provides the child with the foundation to thrive, instead of becoming yet another statistic. When it comes to the biological aspect of this particular career path, behavior definitely plays an important role in determining a child’s actions, a child’s emotions, as well as the child’s ability to learn within a classroom setting. â€Å"Biological psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the relationships between behavior and the body, particularly the brain† (Garrett, 2015 , pg. 3). A Mental Health counselor would also benefit from the foundational knowledge of biological psychology. A mental health counselor that chooses to work within a school environment would be able to provide further assistance. He or she is a critical link between the school faculty and â€Å"the child†. He or she has the background through his or her education and interactions with other children to better aid staff who may be unfamiliar with this area of study, to better understand the principles of human development, psychology, and mental health and change theories. Mental health counselors are also skilled in the assessment of people and situations, diagnosing, and providing referrals for treatment of mental disorders. Mental health counselors are experienced with effectively working with children who need the extra support beyond the services that have previously been available to them. Children that are also at a disadvantage academically, due to behavioral reasons are in di re need of more extensive interventions and can benefit tremendously from the prior knowledge and experience of a competent Mental Health counselor. A student’s inability to make good, solid behavioral choices often interferes with his or her ability to stay within the classroom setting, often affecting his or her opportunity to benefit from crucial instructional time. Children who take medication, may also struggle with ADHD or a plethora of other diagnoses, need the extra support. This somewhat levels the playing field so to speak, and give students with special needs the same opportunity to become as successful as their peers. What are the practical applications of biological psychology? When it comes to the practical applications of biological psychology, biological psychology combines research from genetics and physiology in order to be able to understand human behavior. â€Å"When it comes to how individuals think such as making decisions and choices, there’s a compelling theory that is a â€Å"mind† behind it all†. (Garrett, 2015, pg. 3). Biological psychology has many practical applications in the understanding of how the human brain functions. Understand and explaining how the brain works can be very complex. The brain interacts with so many aspects of the body to include: movement, body sensation, an individual’s speech, hearing, vision, and language. The brain functions in such a diverse and complex manner, which explains why many individuals would consider the subject psychology to be a very broad and controversial area of study when it comes to the relationship between the brain and an individual’s behavior. How will you apply what you have learned in this course to your life? How will I apply what I have learned throughout this course in my life? I know I will personally benefit from the foundational knowledge of biological psychology because of my current profession, as well as my future career goals. I currently work within an elementary school setting with students in grades kindergarten through fifth grade. North Charleston Elementary School is predominantly an African-American school, with only a small percentage of Caucasian students or students from other ethnic backgrounds. The school’s staff is well diversified, which in turn helps students who may come from other schools that aren’t as culturally diversified within the faculty population. I am now better able to relate to all students, regardless of race, gender, ethnic, or socioeconomic status compared to when I first started working as an educator. I am now confident in my ability and skills to not only relate, but differentiate between adversities that an individual student migh t be facing at home or within the classroom. Students often show a range of behaviors, both positive and negative, and tend to go through many phases, such as peer acceptance and peer-pressure. â€Å"Behavior results from the interaction of many wide spread areas of the brain† (Garrett, 2015, pg. 7). For the past seven years, I have spent my time as an educator working in a number of diverse elementary schools. Many of the schools were considered â€Å"high poverty† schools due to the number of students receiving primarily free or reduced lunch. I have had the opportunity to work with students, who despite living in high poverty areas, still came to school eager to learn and receive their education. Often times, their poverty stricken lifestyle was a motivating factor in encouraging them to get a quality education so that they could eventually break the cycle of poverty and strive to attain whatever goal they set. I have also had the opportunity to experience what it was like to work in more affluent areas of Charleston. There is a huge disparity between the two school environments. I believe that I have an advantage over individual coming from off the street without any experience. I believe that the experience that I have gained throughout these past years and all of the knowledge that I have acquired throughout this course will be advantageous to me in the near future. I am now able to better understand a child’s individual needs from a different perspective. When I first started working for the school system, one of the biggest issues that resonated with me was the lack of a support system in high poverty areas. The schools received less assistance and student interventions than the schools in the high income areas. I strongly believe that school’s physical location and/or culture dissimilarities should not dictate the amount of funds or resources available to a particular school is allocated. All schools should be equitable in financing and also, in meeting the needs of its student population and community. Every child deserves an equal opportunity to obtain a quality education. The current generation is our future and we need to become fully vested in it. If we invest our time, resources, and money into guiding our students now to eventually become our great leaders of the future. Studies have shown that we can choose to allocate our resources now to provide children with additional support and therapeutic interventions early on in their life that will lay the foundation for future success. Or, we have the option of ignoring our population of youth with the greatest needs to continue to be passed on from teacher to teacher or school to school, forcing us to have to invest more time and financial resources on remediation later on in their lives. The choice is ours! Success has always been my responsibility! As an educator, I will encourage, promote, support, and share in the ownership of a student’s success. Students should feel at ease when going to school, and never have to fear for their safety. Having the knowledge and skills needed to maintain order within a classroom are key factors when it comes to understanding the foundational knowledge of biological psychology. Insight into the foundational knowledge of biological psychology can contribute too many fields of study and career paths. Part B State the research problem The research problem expresses that approaches to human behavior cannot be fully explained by social or biological approach alone but as a multi-level integrative analysis. Researchers state, â€Å"Social and biological approaches to human behavior have contrasted as if the two maybe antagonistic or mutually exclusive† (Cacioppo Bernston, 1992, pg. 829). These contrasts have surfaced within the field of psychology. Tensions between biological and social approaches surface in behavioral neuroscience and social psychology. Human biology is rooted in concrete anatomy and genetics while the social science is completely opposite. Social approaches are based upon an abstract set of actions by different groups and societies and their influences. The research will be rooted and based on the differences in both approaches and how they can and do work together toward understanding human behavior. Provide an effective literature review of other studies done on the same research problem Science brief written by Kristen Jacobson, Ph.D. in Human Development and Family Studies summarizes that genetics and social environment are not only important to human development but can also play and integral role in the resilience to specific behavioral and psychological disorders. This study is comparable to the research problem because it complies with the idea that these approaches are not always mutually exclusive. The brief also supports the research hypothesis that the biological and social approaches must work as part of an integrated system of processes to better understand human development and behavior. (Kristen Jacobson, 2009) Discuss the importance or implications of this research problem The importance of the research problem is the understanding of human behavior. Understanding human behavior by using social or biological approaches may help to shed light on matters of violence, education, economics and environmental factors. Human behavior is said to occur from the interactions of many wide spread areas of the brain. Human behavior is susceptible and affected by contact and relationships with others. The human brain allows us to recognize faces but it is â€Å"language, the bedrock of complex social interactions†, that will nevertheless develop in all humans thusly affecting behavior. (Cacioppo Bernston, 1992, pg. 831) State the hypothesis The hypothesis for this article is that researchers want to determine whether or not â€Å"mechanisms underlying the mind and behavior are not fully explicable by a biological or a social approach alone but rather than a multilevel integrative analysis may be required† (Cacioppo Bernston, 1992, pg. 829). Researchers surmise that all human behavior at some level is biological. Others dispute that not only is human behavior biological but affected by social settings and environments. Research that has been gathered by both the psychological and biological fields have shown that human development and behavior is affected by both social and biological approaches. The study of animal behavior has also been utilized to further support this hypothesis. Discuss research method and rational for research method to be used in this study One research method that was used within this article was the experimental method. â€Å"An experiment is a study in which a researcher manipulates a condition which is expected to produce a change in the subjects’ behavior† (Garrett, 2015, pg. 97). Researchers found that animal studies provide the best experimental evidence for social influences on cardiovascular disease. Researchers used cynomolgus monkeys and found that in a series of studies, social disruptions promoted coronary atherogenesis. This implicates that the sympathetic nervous system is behaviorally induced. Discuss how the study would be designed to verify the hypothesis Design of the study would need to involve the consideration of social influences on biological processes, experiments with animal and/or human subjects to explain and quantify these findings. Utilizing various age, social and economic groups to differentiate the studies. Studies would be centralized around how extreme environmental factors play a role in human behavior and the biological effects. Describe how the validity of the research will be ensured Comparison and citation of similar studies done on the hypothesis may help to further validate the research. Expanding research groups from a localized setting to a global setting would help to ensure that the research is covering a broader audience. Research groups would contain not only age, economic and social variations but geographical influences as well. Results from this broader variation of test subjects would help to ensure that there is no bias in the research findings. Discuss the necessary criteria to ensure the study will be conducted safely and ethically I do not believe that any of these particular experiments were conducted in an ethical fashion. In my opinion, using animals, rodents etc. should never be considered an ethical approach to science. Animals have similar sensory receptors and while they may not be able to verbally report pain like humans, they most certainly â€Å"sense† or feel the pain. This can be observed in an animal’s response to pain. While an animal may not be able to convey in spoken words to a researcher that they are in physical or emotional pain, they can create audible sounds and display muscular reflexes that clearly confirm their discomfort. There was an experiment that was conducted using rodents such as rats or mice, in order to determine whether animals such as mice or monkeys had the same effect that humans may have when it comes to the social and biological approach. Although, I strongly disagree that the use of animals is safe or ethically safe, â€Å"research states that animals pro vide among the best experiment evidence for social influences on autonomic function and cardiovascular disease† (Cacioppo Bernston, 1992, pg. 829). Therefore, some of the implications and findings from research that requires the use of animals may potentially be somewhat accurate due to the in-depth studies that have already been conducted. Conclusion Biological and social approaches and how they work in conjunction to display their effects on human behavior have been the topic of discussion amongst researchers and psychologist. As there is a dispute between psychologist and biologist on which approach is most effective, both approaches have shown to be sufficient techniques in defining human behavior. Science studies research groups and experiments have been conducted to show these approaches are part of a multilevel system of analysis. Although both approaches have traditionally been viewed as opposing techniques, research studies have proven that there are complimentary. References Cacioppo, J. T., Bernston, G. G., (1992). Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain: The doctrine of multilevel analysis. American Psychologist. 47, 819-1028. Garrett, B. (2015).Brain and behavior: An introduction to biological psychology(4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Essays --

The Hagia Sophia was a former Greek Orthodox basilica church, and later became a mosque, and now is a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. It is definitely a architectural beauty. The name means "holy wisdom". It contains two floors centered on a giant nave and has a dome ceiling, with smaller domes that tower above. From 537-1453 it served as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral, except between the dates 1204-1261, where it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire. The building was a mosque from 1453-1931. It was then opened as a museum in 1935. There are many original parts of this structure, although it has gone through two fires. The first fire occurred in year 404, when rioters burned the church down in protest. The church took 10 years to be re-built. It was burned down again about 100 years later by the Nica Riots. The church was again rebuilt, but then in 1346 the church faced some damage due to an earthquake (Hagia Sophia: Facts, History & Architecture). The Dome of the Rock is a edifice that is located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. According to Jewish belief, Abraham offered his son, Isaac, as a sacrifice. It has also survived earthquakes. The inscriptions on the inside of the dome glorify and praise Islam as the true revelation of the faiths of Judaism and Christianity. The building is not considered a mosque, but a "scared site". It "enshrines" the rock from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven. The Dome of the Rock was the first domed shrine to be built, and is considered a masterpiece of Islamic architecture. It's significance stems from religious traditions regarding the rock, also known as the Foundation Stone, which is considered the "heart" of the structure (About Dome of ... ...as crossed boundaries and tested the limits of arts, and has inspired art to tell stories. Technology has definitely changed the way we view art from prehistoric times to now. For example digital art. Modern technology has transformed from more traditional art such as paintings, sculpting, or drawing, and allows artists to use digital technologies in the production of their pieces. Graphic designers are now able to create images through programs through the computer that can't be done by a simple piece of paper. 3D art looks more detailed, and art can often be flawless with the use of technology and computers. So to summarize what I just said, there are many different factors in the evolution of art throughout the years. Cultural change, new materials being used, values, technology, religion, belief systems, increased freedom have contributed to the change of art.

Homework: High School Student

Are your children stressed out, not getting enough sleep, time with family, or other time for their extracurricular activities because their amount of homework? Many people are debating about the homework policy. â€Å"Are the teachers giving too much homework, just the right amount, or to little? † I think that students should receive a limited amount of homework each school day. Other parents may disagree and think, â€Å"Homework is important. It helps educate them. † If students have a limited amount of homework, they would have less stress and more free time for other activities. When students receive too many homework assignments and are forced to stay up late to complete them, they have to stay up late which effects their sleeping hours and routines. An example is my sister’s homework. She is a high school student in her sophomore year. Every day, after school, she goes to her room and works on her homework until about 12am to 1am. Students who have to do this will be tired for the next day of school. Also, during that night of homework they go through, they receive great amounts of stress of trying to finish to sleep in the hours they are required to, but at the same time they want to achieve quality work on their assignments. They need free time for other activities without homework getting in the way. Kids should be able to play for about a couple of hours for health reasons. On the other hand, homework helps review the lesson of that day and exercises your.

You Are What You Read

You Are What You Read You Are What You Read You Are What You Read By Michael Readers often ask how to improve their English writing skills when English is not their native language and they dont live in an English-speaking country. My advice? Do it the way I did. Imitate me. But Michael, you may object, English is your native language and youve lived your whole life in an English-speaking country. So okay, dont imitate me. Imitate somebody else. But its vital that you imitate somebody. You cant gain skill in a language, whether or not its your native language, without imitating those who are more skilled than you. In the case of language learning, listen to BBC Radio in English. Read English language websites. Dont worry that you cant (yet) speak or write as well as other people. In fact, at first, you shouldnt even try. You have to take in before you put out. How much did you speak during your first year? How well did you speak during your second year? A friend of mine, an expert in language learning, advises people to follow the example of little children. Listen for a year or two before you try to speak. Some writers would do well to take that advice, to read much more than they write, if they really want to learn how to write. Read the works of the best writers in English that you can find. If that doesnt leave you enough time to read low-quality popular magazines, thats even better. Read the writers who write the way you want to write someday. Read books written in a voice similar to yours. That means, of course, that you have to know yourself and your communications style well enough to recognize a similar voice when you hear it. Hopefully, it will be writing that you enjoy reading. But be true to yourself. Dont pretend to be what youre not. Many people want to dress like movie stars because they want to look like movie stars. Except that they dont. They would do better to dress like themselves. It would be more attractive. My formal education gave me only a small portion of my writing style, my grammar, my vocabulary, even my spelling. I learned most of it from reading. Theres another reason to read only the best literature: if you see a word misspelled or misused too many times, you will start to assume that its correct. What determines the meaning or spelling of a word is how it has been used or spelled over many years. Even the Oxford English Dictionary justifies its entries with quotations from literature. Two of the greatest influences on my writing style are G.K. Chesterton and Rudolf Flesch. Chesterton taught me that varying your word choice for its own sake (what my English teacher called elegant alternation when I was 14) isnt necessary, that repeating the same word may be more powerful or humorous. Flesch taught me that short sentences are easier to understand, even if some writers think that long sentences make them seem more intelligent. Other writers might consider Chesterton and Flesch too blunt or direct for them to imitate. Their own personality is more gentle and their writing must reflect that. Find your own writing models. But choose them carefully. Your writing becomes like your reading. You are what you read. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsDeck the HallsHow Do You Pronounce "Often"?

K dawg and the heads essays

K dawg and the heads essays I want you to understand that there was nothing exactly profitable in these heads being there. They only showed that Mr. Kurtz lacked restraint in the gratification of his various lusts, that there was something wanting in him-some small matter which, when the pressing need arose, could not be found under his magnificent eloquence. Direct-Connect to the storyline/plot: This quote displays the opinion that Kurtzs own world, in which darkness rages, is not controlled by method or reason, but really by impulse and lusts. Cutting peoples heads off had no real purpose for Kurtz and the other villagers except that it satisfied his dark needs. This probably aided in the upkeep of his god like image to the natives. Normal individuals would not have simply cut off the heads of people because they felt like it. This quote ties into the impulse that described in murderers. Murderers describe a feeling of impulse that they have never experienced before when they end up killing someone. People who go on killing sprees exhibit these same qualities, being able to control themselves except for when an urge comes on and they viciously murder someone. People exhibit these traits of inescapable darkness in the real word as Kurtz does in Heart of Darkness. I have experienced times of rage, but not in the magnitude to kill someone. They are simply when someone angers me so much that I feel that I must act and stop it. ...

In what ways has Japan succeeded in shaping international politics in Essay

In what ways has Japan succeeded in shaping international politics in the Asia-Pacific without reviving memories of its past aggression - Essay Example Since the end of the Second World War, Japan withdrew from international politics, mostly because of measures imposed by the United States and by its Asian neighbours who suffered Japan’s aggression during the Second World War. And now after more than half a century of withdrawal from international politics, Japan is now slowly becoming a major player in the international scene. This paper shall discuss Japan’s re-entry into international politics, particularly focusing on Japan’s role in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan has been successful in playing a major role in international politics, especially in the Asia-Pacific region through its adoption of its multi-tiered approach. This multi-tiered approach which has been adopted to improve international cooperation among the Asia-Pacific nations is a new policy perspective which â€Å"packages different types of coordination among region states, including bilateral, multilateral, and minilateral or subregional, in a layered hierarchical manner† (Ashizawa, 2003, p. 361). Through this approach Japan has managed to maintain its enthusiasm for multilateral agreements even with countless criticisms on its significance and effectiveness. Through the multi-tiered approach, Japan has managed to maintain its security arrangements with the United States (Ashizawa, 2003, p. 361). And in applying such arrangements, Japan was able to form more connections with Asia-Pacific nations. With the adoption of new changes in its regional security order, the s elf-recognition of its status as a major power, and through its imposed constitutional constraints, Japan has managed to apply the multi-tiered approach as an effective approach in shaping its security policy and international relations 50 years after the Second World War (Ashizawa, 2003, p. 361). As far as its Asian neighbours are concerned, Japan has been trying

Cell cycle by emphasizing DNA replication Research Paper

Cell cycle by emphasizing DNA replication - Research Paper Example Increase in the number of cells with 2C-DNA content attests that over expression of wild type CDC6 impacts on the cell cycle kinetics. However, this over expression has no effect on cell proliferation. After S phase is complete, CDC6-d2 on the other hand blocks cell cycle progression and inhibits proliferation as cells with 2C DNA pile up; CDC6-d2 does not inhibit DNA replication but it does passage via mitosis. When SCF CDC4 is inactive, dephosphorylation of B subunit can be driven by over expression of the wild type CDC6 in nocodazole arrested cells. This however is not the case as with when the SCF CDC4 is active as over expression of the cells does not lead to dephosphorylation of the B subunit because over expression of CDC6-d2 blocks cells in G2/M by inactivating CDC28-Clb kinase and in a CDC4+ background produces phenotype very much like that produced by the over expression of wild type CDC6 in a CDC4 mutant background. Unlike CDC6-d2 which is stable in nocodazole arrested cells, the wild type protein is not and quickly disappears into the cells thus showing CDC6-d2 as being resistant to mode 3 proteolysis. It is noted however that CDC6-d2 is not affected for mode 1 proteolysis or mode 2 proteolysis but is affected as a substrate for mode 3 proteolysis; a single point mutation yielding transformation from C to T at bp 1103 causing substitution of threonine at amino acid 368 with methionine was pointed out after DNA analysis of the CDC6-d2. There are three glycine and six proline residues in a 50 amino acid residue surrounding this region, triggering belief that this region could be unstructured (Perkins, Lusy & John, 4837). Two other regions were equally examined to check whether their muattions also had some effects on the stability of CDC6. Two CDC6 alleles were constructed using site directed mutagenesis where serine 372 was transformed to alanine (S372A) and in the other, serine 354 was changed alanine