A Comparison of “Everyman” and Christopher Marlowe’s “Doctor Faustus”

A Comparison of â€Å"Everyman† and Christopher Marlowe's â€Å"Doctor Faustus† Everyman and Doctor Faustus are both Morality Plays, these are specifically plays that existed within the Medieval period. They were popular during this period as they were intended to instruct the audience in the Christian way and attitudes to life. The morality play is essentially an allegory written in dramatic form. In the fourteenth Century, morality plays were mainly based on the seven deadly sins as in everyman with each character representing each sin. Everyman centers around allegory. It focuses on the allegorical representations of moral issues with the inclusion of figures that represent abstractions of the issues that are confronted. Doctor Faustus follows the general five-act structure of an Elizabethan Romantic Tragedy. However Christopher Marlowe used the structure of an older Medieval form of English Drama, the morality play as a model. Morality plays tended to show the moral struggle of mans soul and the conflict of good and evil. This is evident in the play of Doctor Faustus who is embroiled in a battle between the temptation of the devil and God. You could argue that Doctor Faustus is not classed as a morality play. Because in the tradition of a morality play God and the devil are external forces that affect the individual. However, in Doctor Faustus it is far more of an internal drama inside Faustus? own mind. Both are entirely didactic in nature, they were made with the intent to educate their audience in one respect or another. There was a moral to each that conveyed similar messages. Therefore the term ? morality play? correctly defines each one. The medieval time period in which Everyman was written contained a society that revolved around religion (Ecclesiasticism) The fact that Everyman can get nowhere without turning to religion directly reflects on the attitudes of the middle ages. There is constant references to the beliefs and ideas of the Catholic Church such as confession, penitence and the Virgin Mary this suggests the catholic centered society in which the play existed. It concentrates on the qualities of the catholic religion that are important in the journey to heaven. Everyman is a symbol of the human condition and how t is understood by medieval Catholicism. Whereas in the sixteenth century in which Doctor Faustus was written, saw a shift of Christian ideals. No longer was there only the strict belief in God but also the equal belief in the existence of the devil and the ? work of the devil.? The medieval world placed God at the centre of existence, leaving the individual and the natural world in second place. The emergence of the Renaissance is evident in Doctor Faustus by the clash between the church and the introduction of knowledge through science. The Reformation caused a dramatic change at that particular time, England had converted from predominantly catholic to a protestant country. This shift becomes apparent in Doctor Faustus in the scenes with the Pope. The Renaissance was also a time when the bubonic plague was at its peak of destruction. As a result the plague was a great concern of the theatre, audiences and writers. The plague was a large part of Marlowe? s life and work. Marlowe refers to the plague regularly in Doctor Faustus with examples such as ? A Plague on her.? Here Marlowe is using specific language to reflect certain aspect of the precise period, being Reformation. When considering the audience of each play, this can again create disagreement concerning the meaning of the term ? morality play.? Morality plays, as I have mentioned like Everyman, primarily express aspects of moral doctrine to the audience. In the Play Everyman, the anonymous author may have been a priest or teacher who was explaining the Christian values to an uneducated society. It is written by and for people of catholic religion. This would fit accurately into the description as a ? orality play.? However, some may argue that Doctor Faustus is more comically delivered as opposed to morally. Elizabethan audiences often viewed great tragedies such as this in a slightly humorous manner. Scenes such as the one with the Pope? s food and drink being stolen highlights this point. Also Marlowe includes numerous comical characters such as Wagner and Faustus? servant. Therefore ca n we still group this together with the other morality plays such as Doctor Faustus? Contrary to this, it is clear that the audience of the play Doctor Faustus are not simply an audience of ? Commoners or clowns,? they have to employ a certain level of intelligence and education to understand the symbolism and allegory present in the play. We can acknowledge the play of Doctor Faustus as one from the Elizabethan period as its verbs differ from modern day usage, with phrases such as ? What see you and ? You look not well.? Also Elizabethan playwrights wrote in blank verse or iambic pentameter, as its evident here. Marlowe uses various Christian phrases to summon the devil, who is providing the power. The most obvious reference to Christian language is shown through Faustus? Latin Chant which is used to raise the devil. Marlowe? s technique of hyperbole is demonstrated by his regular usage of blasphemy in the play. By using exaggeration like this, Marlowe is affecting the audience? s perception of the character of Faustus. The language used gives the character heroic stature. Contrast to Doctor Faustus, The language in Everyman is solely based on religion. There is reference to the original sinner Adam and the seven deadly sins, this mainly focuses on the notions of Christianity. The language used in both Everyman and Doctor Faustus represents the conflict between power and Christianity. In conclusion, Marlowe borrows many of the conventions of a morality play especially with the inclusion of the good and bad angels. This symbolizes his divided will. This is mirrored in the play Everyman where there is an obvious spiritual crisis of an individual who must chose between good and evil. Both Everyman and Doctor Faustus effectively reflect the periods in which they were written. Faustus is the product of an era that was deeply torn, it stands in the threshold between two periods-The Renaissance and the Middle Ages. It includes the notions of Good and evil, sin and salvation, as did religious dramas of the medieval period such as Everyman. Although some may see this comparison as the rejection of the medieval due to further emphasis on the individual rather than God. After all, the opening scene of Doctor Faustus was praising science and magic in favour of God. So where do we draw the line? Everyman statically reflects the period of medieval whereas Doctor Faustus focuses on the actual change in that particular period of the Reformation. Therefore it is possible to see the alteration from one period to another.

A Study On Classroom Management Education Essay

Classroom direction focal points on three major constituents: content direction, behavior direction, and covenant direction. Harmonizing to specializers in the field of instruction, school and schoolroom direction aims at promoting and set uping pupil self-denial through a procedure of advancing positive pupil accomplishment and behaviour. Therefore academic accomplishment, teacher efficaciousness, and teacher and student behaviour are straight linked with the construct of school and schoolroom direction. Classroom direction accomplishments are an built-in portion of instructional rating of both the pupils and the instructors themselves. Actually, classroom direction schemes are a more toothsome name for schoolroom subject. This paper will discourse the indispensable constituents to do schoolroom direction effectual. Part I. BODY LANGUAGEBody linguistic communication is an of import portion of communicating, which can represent 50 % or more of what we are pass oning. If one wishes to pass on good, so it makes sense to understand how they can ( and can non ) use their organic structure to state what they mean. It comes in bunchs of signals and positions, depending on the internal emotions and mental provinces. Acknowledging a whole bunch is therefore far more dependable than seeking to construe single elements. Body linguistic communication is a term for communicating utilizing organic structure motions or gestures alternatively of, or in add-on to, sounds, verbal linguistic communication or other communicating. It forms portion of the class of paralinguistic communication, which describes all signifiers of human communicating that are non verbal linguistic communication. This includes the most elusive of motions that many people are non cognizant of, including blink and little motion of the superciliums. In add-on, organic structure linguistic communication can besides integrate the usage of facial looks. Although they are by and large non cognizant of it, many people send and receive non-verbal signals all the clip. These signals may bespeak what they are genuinely experiencing. The technique of reading people is used often. For illustration, the thought of mirroring organic structure linguistic communication to set people at easiness is normally used in interviews. It sets the individual being interviewed at easiness. Mirroring the organic structure linguistic communication of person else indicates that they are understood. Body linguistic communication signals may hold a end other than communicating. Both people would maintain this in head. Perceivers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to bespeak the biological beginning of their actions. One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a individual crosses his or her weaponries across the thorax. This can bespeak that a individual is seting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can besides bespeak that the individual ‘s weaponries are cold which would be clarified by rubbing the weaponries or huddling. When the overall state of affairs is amicable, it can intend that a individual is believing profoundly about what is being discussed. However, in a serious or confrontational state of affairs, it can intend that a individual is showing resistance. This is particularly so if the individual is tilting off from the talker. A harsh or clean facial look frequently indicates straight-out ill will. Such a individual is non an ally, and may be sing combative tactics. Consistent oculus contact can bespeak that a individual is believing positively of what the talker is stating. It can besides intend that the other individual does non swear the talker plenty to â€Å" take his or her eyes off † the talker. Lack of oculus contact can bespeak negativeness. On the other manus, persons with anxiousness upsets are frequently unable to do oculus contact without uncomfortableness. Eye contact is frequently a secondary and deceptive gesture because we are taught from an early age to do oculus contact when speech production. If a individual is looking at you but is doing the arms-across-chest signal, the oculus contact could be declarative that something is trouble oneselfing the individual, and that he or she wants to speak about it. Alternatively, if while doing direct oculus contact a individual is shirking with something, even while straight looking at you, it could bespeak the attending is elsewhere. Incredulity is frequently indicated by averted regard, or by touching the ear or rubing the mentum. So is eyestrain, or itching. When a individual is non being convinced by what person is stating, the attending constantly wanders, and the eyes will gaze away for an drawn-out period. Boredom is indicated by the caput leaning to one side, or by the eyes looking directly at the talker but going somewhat unfocused. A caput joust may besides bespeak a sore cervix, and unfocussed eyes may bespeak optic jobs in the hearer. Interest can be indicated through position or extended oculus contact. Deceit or the act of keep backing information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation. It should be noted that some people, with certain disablements, or those on the autistic spectrum, usage and understand organic structure linguistic communication otherwise, or non at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial looks, or deficiency thereof, in the context of normal organic structure linguistic communication normally leads to misinterpretations and misunderstandings, particularly if body linguistic communication is given precedence over spoken linguistic communication. It should besides be stated that people from different civilizations could construe organic structure linguistic communication in different ways. Part II. DISCUSS LEGAL ISSUES IN REGARDS TO SCHOOL DISCIPLINESchool subject today would be a tougher job than of all time, even without all these alterations, because of the countrywide addition of troubled households and disorderly childs. Some schools, particularly those in interior metropoliss, have pupils who are literally violent criminals. School subject has two chief ends: ( 1 ) guarantee the safety of staff and pupils, and ( 2 ) create an environment conducive to larning. Serious pupil misconduct affecting violent or condemnable behaviour lickings these ends and frequently makes headlines in the procedure. However, the commonest subject jobs involve noncriminal pupil behaviour. These less dramatic jobs may non endanger personal safety, but they still negatively affect the acquisition environment. Disruptions interrupt lessons for all pupils, and riotous pupils lose even more learning clip. Research workers calculate that in many schools, pupils lost 7,932 instructional yearss ( 44 old ages ) in-school and out-of-school suspensions in a individual academic twelvemonth. The being of subject jobs in school may lend to an environment that facilitates school force and offense. On a day-to-day or hebdomadal happening, jobs such as pupil racial tensenesss, intimidation, sexual torment of other pupils, verbal maltreatment of instructors, widespread schoolroom upset, and Acts of the Apostless of discourtesy for instructors in public schools. The happening of unwanted pack and cult activities, and due to the terrible nature of these incidents, nowadayss all studies of pack and cult activities during the school twelvemonth. Secondary school principals across the United States revealed that most decision makers felt more strict due procedure processs should follow in subject instances than those required by federal ordinances and school policies. The principals besides tended to believe that bodily penalty should be permitted under certain fortunes and that both unequal instructor preparation refering subject and a deficiency of equal alternate plans for pupils were the major factors restricting schools ‘ abilities to keep order. However, today principals lack the tools they used to hold for covering even with the boisterous childs. Once, they could throw out such childs for good or direct them to particular schools for the hard-to-discipline. The particular schools have mostly vanished, and province instruction Torahs normally do non let for lasting ejection. So at best, a school might pull off to reassign a pupil criminal elsewhere in the same territory. Educators today besides find their custodies tied when covering with another disruptive and much larger group of pupils, those covered by the 1975 Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) . This jurisprudence, which mandates that schools provide a â€Å" free and appropriate instruction † for kids irrespective of disablement and supply it, furthermore, within regular schoolrooms whenever humanly possible efficaciously strips pedagogues of the authorization to reassign or to suspend for long periods any pupil classified as necessitating particular instruction. This would non count if particular instruction included chiefly the wheelchair-bound or deaf pupils whom we normally think of every bit handicapped. However, it does non. Over the past several decennaries, the figure of kids classified under the mistily defined disablement classs of â€Å" learning disablement † and â€Å" emotional perturbation † has exploded. Many of these childs are those one time merely called â€Å" unwieldy † or â€Å" antisocial † : portion of the legal definition of emotional perturbation is â€Å" an inability to construct or keep satisfactory interpersonal relationships with equals and instructors, â€Å" in other words, to be portion of an orderly community. Prosecutors indicates that disproportional Numberss of the juvenile felons they now see are particular instruction pupils. With IDEA limitations haltering them, school functionaries can non react forcefully when these childs get into battles, expletive instructors, or even put pupils and staff at serious hazard, as excessively frequently happens. One illustration captures the jurisprudence ‘s absurdness. School functionaries in Connecticut caught one pupil go throughing a gun to another on school premises. One, a regular pupil, received a yearlong suspension, as federal jurisprudence requires. The other, handicapped ( he stuttered ) , received merely a 45-day suspension and particular, individualised services, as IDEA requires. Most times, though, schools can non acquire even a 45-day reprieve from the pandemonium these childs can unleash. It is of import to maintain the ultimate end in head while working to better school subject. As instruction research worker ‘s points out, â€Å" the end of good behaviour is necessary, but non sufficient to guarantee academic growing. † Effective school subject schemes seek to promote responsible behaviour and to supply all pupils with a hearty school experience every bit good as to deter misconduct. Part III. CONVENANT AND CONDUCT MANAGEMENTConduct direction is centered on one ‘s beliefs about the nature of people. By incorporating cognition about human diverseness ( and individualism, at the same clip ) into a peculiar instructional doctrine, instructors could pull off their schoolrooms in a better, more effectual manner. Research workers have pointed out the importance of helping pupils in positive behaviours. In be aftering schoolroom direction, instructors should see utilizing an self-asserting communicating manner and behaviour. In add-on, they should ever cognize what they want their pupils to make and affect them in the several acquisition activities, under the general conditions of clearly and explicitly stated school broad and schoolroom regulations. Harmonizing to Iverson and Froyen, behavior direction is indispensable to the creative activity of a foundation for â€Å" an orderly, task-oriented attack to learning and larning † , therefore taking to allowing pupil ‘s greater independency and liberty through socialisation. An effectual behavior direction program should besides mention to teacher control and disposal of effects. The undermentioned constituents of such a program are focused on in this sum-up: acknowledging responsible behaviours, rectifying irresponsible and inappropriate behaviour, disregarding, propinquity control, soft verbal rebukes, detaining, discriminatory seating, clip owed, time-out, presentment of parents/guardians, written behavioural contract, puting bounds outside the schoolroom, and reinforcement systems. All of these constituents are presented so they can be identified in illustrations of best instruction patterns. Covenant direction stresses the schoolroom group as a societal system. Teacher and pupil functions and outlooks shape the schoolroom into an environment conducive to larning. In other words, the civilization of any given school is alone to that school. However, it is straight influenced by the civilization of the larger community whose educational ends are to be met. A strong connexion between school and community must be invariably revised and modified harmonizing to the demands of social dynamism. As schools become really diverse, instructors and pupils should go cognizant of how to utilize diverseness to beef up the school/classroom societal group. Quality schools are defined by instructor effectivity and pupil accomplishment under the protections of edifice strong interpersonal accomplishments. In this visible radiation, instructor and pupil relationships are indispensable to guaranting a positive school and schoolroom atmosphere. Classroom direction subject jobs can be dealt with either on an single footing ( between instructor and pupil ) or by group job work outing ( category meetings ) . As common trust builds up between instructor and pupils, the latter are bit by bit released from teacher supervising by going separately responsible. This is how both â€Å" pedagogues and pupils become co-participants in the teaching-learning procedure, endeavoring to do the most of themselves and their corporate experience. † Part IV. CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT PlanClassroom direction and schoolroom organisation are intertwined. High school pupils possess sophisticated societal accomplishments and by and large experience that instructors need to gain their regard before they are to the full willing to collaborate. In order to acquire loath pupils on their side, instructors need to show a clear schoolroom direction program that creates a positive acquisition environment and exhibits consistence, lucidity, equity, foresight, and the sharing of a schoolroom direction program. Consistency is instructors tell pupils what to anticipate and so present. This applies to all facets of the high school schoolroom runing from placing trial yearss to presenting direction. Get downing every English category, for illustration, by presenting a inquiry for treatment or written response, helps set up a everyday that pupils can anticipate. Clarity is being clearly explicated their acquisition aims for the class every bit good their outlooks for pupil behaviour. Discuss these subjects with pupils during the first hebdomad of category and supply specific illustrations of what pupils are expected to carry through and how they are expected to act. Practicing schoolroom regulations is non entirely reserved for simple school. By exemplifying through role-play with pupils what is considered appropriate and inappropriate behaviour, instructors leave no room for pupil reading on these of import points. Fairness relates to handling pupils every bit, administrating both congratulations and effects based on behaviour non on the pupil. It besides applies to demoing regard for your pupils by puting realistic outlooks and offering counsel and support to assist pupils achieve those ends. A foresight map out categories in progress with pupils. Spend the first few yearss of category discoursing an overview of what you hope to carry through every bit far as content, accomplishment development, and pupil behaviour and category format. If a pupil does non stay by category outlooks, they know in progress what repercussions they will confront. The sharing of schoolroom direction program is to incarnate these features and high school instructors need to get the hang schoolroom organisation. By showing a elaborate schoolroom direction program in authorship, instructors set the tone for an organized high school schoolroom. A schoolroom direction program includes class aims, category outlooks, assignment calendar, and pupil information. Course Objectives identifies the general subjects your class will cover every bit good as accomplishments your pupils will develop over the class of a semester or school twelvemonth. Class Expectations, or category regulations, include coming to category prepared, turning in assignments on clip and behaving in a manner that Fosters student larning. Be specific in outlooks and be clear about the reverberations pupils will confront if they do non adhere to these regulations. Assignment Calendars should place subjects covered for one one-fourth. Important yearss such as debuts to new units, trials , assignment due day of the months and exam reappraisals should be clearly marked. School vacations and instructor working daies should be outlined every bit good. Student Information should be completed by pupils during the first hebdomad of school. In the event that you want to update parents on a major achievement or severe trouble their kid has encountered in your category, you will hold the necessary contact information available to hasten parent communicating. Part V. RESEARCH ARTICLEIn a article written by Sherry H. Brown, School Discipline: What Works and What Does n't, it does n't take a batch of research to state us that school subject is different today than it was in the 1950s. This article discussed assorted surveies that showed pupils who misbehave in school express a assortment of grounds for making so:Some think that instructors do non care about them.Others do non desire to be in school at all.They do non see success in school of import anymore.Students are incognizant that bad behaviour will ensue in penalty they will non wish.Discipline hatchet mans have to travel through long processs of due procedure: hearings, specific charges, informants, and entreaties.I read this article to my category, despite these hurdlings ; pupils of Inkster High School agreed that subject is needed in schools. One pupil stated, â€Å" If there were no subject, the school would non be distinguished from the street. † This article pointed out countries that cause disciplinary jobs in school.†¢ Denial: In many schools, their pupils intimidate instructors. Out of fright of revenge, they fail to describe jobs or disregard them trusting that the pupils responsible will discontinue the bad behaviour by themselves.†¢ Troubled Students: State and Federal Torahs require that some particular needs pupils receive particular attending. Many grownups and school systems believe that â€Å" troubled pupils † are non responsible for their actions, therefore they are non punished every bit badly as other pupils are.†¢ Legal Procedures: Because of the raised consciousness of the civil rights of kids, the jurisprudence requires grownups to travel through expensive, time-consuming and confusing processs in respects to school subject. These legal processs do protect the rights of kids, but make it really hard to halt school subject jobs.†¢ Modeling: Many grownups fail to pattern the behavio urs they want from pupils. Modeling the regulations that pupils are to follow should be required of all grownups. All grownups in a community, particularly parents and instructors, need to pattern unity, honestness, regard and self-denial.†¢ Enforcement ; Because of internal administrative jobs or deficiency of processs, many school functionaries fail to implement the regulations or punish pupils for misdemeanors. Some fear cases from parents ; others merely do non care, or they are â€Å" burned out. †Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Time-out and Detention: In-school suspensions, time-out and detainment have been antique solutions for troubled pupils. Yet today, many pupils do non mind detainment, preferring it to traveling place to an empty or opprobrious family. Many consider time-out a quiet topographic point to work. Detention lets them socialise after school. In add-on, both time-out and detainment get them attending from caring grownups.†¢ Fuzzy Rules: Surveies have shown that many r egulations are non purely enforced. Many school and schoolroom regulations do non do sense to pupils. Some subject codifications are â€Å" fuzzed † and non clear on outlooks and penalties. Some riotous pupils are labeled with codifications like ADHD ( Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ) or Emotional Damage. This leads some school staff assume that they can non implement positive behaviour and alternatively must fall back to inquiring parents to â€Å" medicate † them.†¢ Self Esteem: Many schools have emphasized self-pride over and above everything else. Some instructors are afraid to train or demand good behaviour because it will ache the kid ‘s self-pride.School subject has become lax over the old ages, as our relationships have weakened. Amalgamate school systems and mega schools have made the separation between household and school wider than of all time. These mega schools have mostly ignored the local community. In add-on, some parents have lost touch with their kids for many different grounds. For school subject to be successful, we need to reconstruct those relationships. Parents and schools need to work together to transfuse the importance of instruction into kids of all ages. Finding subject processs that work is a occupation for pupils, parents, and instructors to research together. In today ‘s society, working together within the school and community will assist learn kids that working as a squad can efficaciously work out the job. Part VI. ReferenceCipani, Ennio: Classroom Management for All instructors: 12 Plans For Evidence-Base Practice. Pearson Custom Printing, 2003 Cohen, David ; Body Language, What You Need To Know, 2007 Froyen, L. A. , & A ; Iverson, A. M. ; School-Wide and Classroom Management: The Brooding Educator-Leader ( 3rd Ed. ) . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1999 Iverson, Annette M. Building Competence in Classroom Management and Discipline. Pearson Custom Printing, 2003. Livingston, Drs. Sharon and Glen ; How to Use Body Language. Psy Tech Inc. , 2004 Brodinsky, Ben. Student Discipline: Problems and Solutions. American Association of School Administrators Critical Issues Report. Sacramento, California: Education News Service, 1980. Gram molecules, Oliver C. Strategies to Reduce Student Misbehavior. Washington, D.C. : Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, 1989. Hymowitz, Kay S. : Who Killed School Discipline? City Journal, 2000

Media, Culture and Society .... Movie, Outfoxed Essay

Media, Culture and Society .... Movie, Outfoxed - Essay Example The director’s effort to expose media magnate Rupert Murdoch as a dangerous conservative right wing, Christian fanatic; instead quickly becomes an airing of disgruntled former employee views, whose own philosophies and ideals were in stark contrast to the conservative environment within which they worked. Even though for years, decades, in fact, the American liberal party, the Democrats, have ruled the American press corps, no greater threat to that sector has emerged and caused American liberals or the American Democratic party to speak out as loudly, or, in some cases, fanatically, as the Fox News Network. Never mind that CNN, under the management and direction of liberal Ted Turner, is the liberal opposite of FNN, and resorts to the same tactics and extreme leanings as cited by the former Fox employees as being the misleading of the public opinion; that FNN has been attacked by liberals in a way that CNN never has been. At one point in the Outfoxed documentary, Bob McChesney compares Fox to organized crime, using the gangster film The Godfather, to give documentary viewers the sense of the point he’s trying to make about Rupert Murdoch’s media empire being a subversive or covert organization, instead of a mainstream news organization that serves a widespread public o pinion and market. The problem with the Outfoxed documentary is that it fails to bring to light any area of real concern in Murdoch’s media organization. The former employees, while journalistic successes in their own right, such as McChesney, Jeff Cohen, James Wolcott and Clara Frenk; come across as whining disgruntled liberals who fail to expose shed light on anything going on, or that went on, at FNN except that the conservative view promoted by the Murdoch organization was not their view. Jeff Cohen warns that â€Å"media is the nervous system of a democracy,† and says he’s concerned that FNN is committing consumer fraud with its slogan â€Å"Fair and Balanced.†

MANAGING CHANGE. Work, Society and Organizations Assignment

MANAGING CHANGE. Work, Society and Organizations - Assignment Example Managing both change and resistance to change has gained significant importance in academics of management in recent years. Change is perceived to be a perfect way of reaction to external threats in volatile environments or as a proactive measure to seize growing business opportunities (Thompson, 1993, p. 697). This piece of paper addresses the theoretical perspectives of ‘change’, ‘managing change’ and managing ‘resistance to change’. This paper gives insight in to how managing change is influenced by individual as well as team motivation and organizational culture and structure. With help of reflect on Ford’s change management process, this paper elaborates real life experience of change and managing change. Managing Change Change is a very powerful strategy, a technique and an opportunity that an organization can achieve its goals by managing it effectively. Change is an opportunity since organizations can try some new ways or methods to carry out organizational activities and management functions and achieve organizational competence. Change is an informed and participative process resulting in newer methods of carrying out business to lead the business or other types of organizations in to success (Jacobs, 1997, p.22). ‘Strategic Change’ has become an increasingly important term in management studies. Strategic change refers to a process by which the present state of strategies will be transformed to compete with counter players in the market and with differentiated functioning so as to attain greater adaptability and viability in the current business contexts. There are basically three types of changes; reengineering, restructuring and innovation (Sekhar, 2009, p. 76). According to the strategic change theory of Peters and Waterman, an organization’s ability to change is the basic key to its excellence. Excellent organizations are those that continually foster on innovation, maintain better pace to quick actions and conduct on-going experimentations (Dobson, et al, 2004, p. 122). Change management involves process, people and managerial technique and incorporates a number of managerial functions like direction, planning, coordinating, organizing and controlling (Palmer, Dunford and Akin, 2009, p. 24). Change doesn’t occur automatically, but it requires managerial action and strategic activities with resources such as people, process, technology and managerial functions as well. Change management is a careful attempt from management to bring a change in any of its functional areas such as HRM, financing, marketing, manufacturing and so on. It is an effort to change the way the business has been carried out. Change management includes a set of concepts, principles, strategies, tools and techniques that are applied to human aspects in order to implementing a change within the organization (Rothwell, Sullivan and McLean, 2005, p. 17). Change management is a multi-d isciplinary action in which the management team who are responsible to execute the change are to possess certain skills, talents, supports, experiences and knowledge so as to influence others to get them involved in the change process. Paton, Paton and McCalman (2008, p. 40) emphasized that the management team being responsible to implement change is expected to possess following skills and abilities: Better communication

Organization Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization Innovation - Essay Example â€Å"Innovation is the specific instrument of entrepreneurship. The act that endows resources with a new capacity to create wealth† Peter DruckerOrganizations today are competing on a global platform and hence must rely on constant 'innovation' to sustain themselves in the fiercely competitive marketplace Innovation is by far one of the most critical tools of competency for firms and has been the key element in steering organizations towards unprecedented success (Jaruzelski & Dehoff, 2010). Technology has played a key role in helping organizations innovate and excel in the contemporary world - a fact which is evident from the meteoric rise of organizations such as Google and a range of social networking sites such as Facebook, Myspace and Twitter among many others.This paper on Organization Innovation, discusses the rise and successes achieved by Facebook Inc., an organization which has become the poster child for most of innovative organizations within the social networking domain in particular and as a pioneer of innovation for a host of other companies in general. It also discusses the various strategies used by the management to attain and maintain a creative advantage; the various external and internal factors affecting innovation, and finally concludes with recommendations which may help in enhancing innovative behavior in the company. Company Background: Overview Facebook is the largest social networking site in the world (NY Times, 2010) with as many as 750 million users, and counting, worldwide as of July 2011 (NY Times, 2011). The company was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, in February 2004 with the sole aim of offering a common platform for social interaction for college students at Harvard. However, through constant innovation, use of exciting new ideas and creativity, the site soon attracted various users which catapulted the company into an overnight sensation. The company's history shows a passion for constant innovation and the same is reaf firmed through its mission, which states that its only aim is "to make the world more open and connected". The popularity of the social networking site, continues to grow which is evident from the billions of dollars earned by way of ad revenues. Facebook is generating profits at a rapid rate. In 2010, Facebook Inc., earned approximately $1.86 billion through advertisements (PC Mag, 2011), a figure which is likely to grow substantially to $4 billion during the year 2011. Furthermore, on the basis of the current trend, it is also estimated that facebook is likely to surpass Google, its strongest competitor in advertising revenues (techcrunch, 2011). Facebook has revolutionized the social media scene, and has posed a threat to its rivals, particularly Google; a position achieved merely on the basis of constant innovation and innovative ideas. Intrapreneurial strategies used to attain and sustain competitive advantage: Intrapreneurship refers to the active involvement of organizational employees in the management of the company. It is a concept which is slightly different than corporate entrepreneruship. According to Hammann (2006), corporate entrepreneurship is defined with regard to the entire organization in question, while intrapreneurship is defined with regard to individual levels (Pinchot, 1987). This notion has been derived from the concept of indpendent entrepreneurship, whereby the employees are encouraged to think independently and create new ideas which add value to the final product. According to Hisrich & Peters (2002) it refers to the process of "creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychic, and social risks, and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and independence’. Facebook is a privately owned company, which follows the intrapreneurship style of management within its organizations. It allows and encourages its employees to

Editing Practices of Robert Loomis and Strauss-Gabel Essay

Editing Practices of Robert Loomis and Strauss-Gabel - Essay Example The editing practices and approaches between the two editors cum publishers are inconsistent. It is because they practiced editing at different generations and times. Loomis practiced editing earlier than Strauss-Gabel, who is to date actively involved in editing. Loomis approached the practice of editing in a classic and old-fashioned. His approach was understated as well as uncanny, polite as well as persistent and fierce/tough as well as tender. His approach in the practice of editing was thus diametrically opposed to that employed by Strauss-Gabel, which was less old-fashioned but instead more modern. She approached editing in a manner that was strictly tough, intimidating and offered stinging critiques. She believed it was the only way to get the best result from editing. Loomis, on the other hand, had a look warm approach of neither tough nor soft (Norton 67).In my view, the two editors shared a common strategy of getting the best results by actively collaborating with the writ er. Their editing practices, approaches, and techniques were aimed at working collaboratively with authors in the development phases of the books. It was to make sure that the editing and design of the book were best suited to for its marketing. It led to them becoming highly sought after by many authors. Their editing practices stood out from the rest and were highly successful. Their strategies and approach to the practice of editing has enabled them nurture writers and be a mentor for fellow editors in the general industry of publishing.

Changing Roles of Worker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Changing Roles of Worker - Research Paper Example Their work is unseen and much of it is mental. The knowledge worker is famous for making judgment calls and decisions and being paid handsomely in some cases to do so. This report will be centered on the managers and leaders who are guiding the knowledge workers and how their roles may be shifting from what that has been like supervising the traditional workers. There has been a shift noted in roles from boss or supervisor to player/coach as argued by Davenport. Davenport proposes that those managers that understand the knowledge workers’ wants and needs can get more from the people, communicate more efficiently, and lead a â€Å"managerial revolution† (p. 3). The shift in roles, from boss to player/coach is coming about. Johnson cites Davenport again stating rather than supervising the work, the manager of a group of knowledge workers will come from the group of workers and be one that is also performing the work. Hierarchies will be shrinking as they become networks a nd communities of knowledge resources. Rather than hiring and firing, the managers’ job will be to develop and train the new staff.